Purchasing And Supply Chain Management Case Study

Purchasing And Supply Chain Management - Case Study Example The first level is the need/problem recognition or identification level. This is the primary stage where an individual buyer recognizes the need or problem. After an individual realizes a need or problem then only he/she starts searching for the solution/product. The second stage is to determine alternatives or to gather information about the product or solution. Thus, after completion of searching the alternatives, next comes the assessment stage. In this step, the various alternatives are assessed carefully in order to reduce risk and maximize profitability. Subsequently, the decision making part takes place which means whether to purchase a particular product or not. This can occur only when the individual is evidently convinced about the benefits of the product. Finally, appears the post-purchase evaluation stage. This is the last stage which deals with the satisfaction level of the customer after purchasing the product. Moreover, the process of purchasing also includes certain o ther facts into consideration. The requirement of the total cost is one of the essential components which need to be accessed before purchasing. Furthermore, the selection of a supplier is also evident, prior to buying as well as to search for other alternatives in order to acquire the product at a reduced cost (Weele, 2009). Conclusively, it can be stated that the decision of purchasing a product needs a cautious review of various aspects associated with it. According to the case study, it can be stated that Dr. Spiller is surely escaping normal purchasing procedures. As he is the head of the radiology department, so he tries to circumvent the general procedure of asking the purchasing manager before finalizing the deal for purchase.

Strategies to Improve Biodiversity Crisis

Strategies to Improve Biodiversity Crisis Shannon Stubbs Biodiversity Crisis Ireland, though famous for its greenery and beautiful scenery, has a culture of natural resource exploitation. Activities such as deforestation, agriculture and removal of peatlands/ bogs have harmed the countrys natural resources. Ireland has an extensive history of deforestation, spanning hundreds of years. Around 1390, significant deforestation due to land clearing for agriculture took place and continued until there was just 12 percent forest cover by 1600 (OHanlon, 2012). By the end of the 1800s, forest cover increased due to grants and the decline in population due to the famine (OHanlon, 2012). In 2012, there was only 10 percent forest cover in Ireland and over half of that is the non-native Sitka spruce (OHanlon, 2012). The demand for higher levels of productivity and an advance in farming methodologies/tools have led to an agricultural intensification in recent decades (Hutton Giller, 2003). Around 70% of Irelands total land area is used for agriculture (Hutton Giller, 2003). Clearing of land for agriculture has led to mass habitat loss and a subsequent extinction of species such as Crex crex (the corncrake), who lost their grassland habitats(Hutton Giller, 2003). Furthermore, studies such as Rushton et al. (1989) have illustrated that beetle and spider species decline in number and diversity when upland areas are agriculturally improved (Hutton Giller, 2003). Recently, the issue of invasive species has come to the forefront. Invasive species are a priority issue under the Convention on Biological Diversity and follow closely behind habitat destruction as one of the leading threats to global biodiversity (Caffrey et al., 2014; Caffrey et al., 2011). Invasive species can cost the Irish economy up to  £261,517,445 (Kelly et al., 2013). An example of a problematic invasive species is the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, which was first found in the River Barrow in 2010 (Caffrey et al., 2014). It quickly colonised SACs containing protected species such as sea lampreys and Atlantic salmon (Caffrey et al., 2014).      Ã‚   Since 2002, Ireland has produced two National Biodiversity Plan, with the most recent being published in 2011. The plan lays out 102 actions under 7 objectives that are largely based on Convention of Biological Diversity. These 7 objectives include incorporating conservation issues into political decisions, better management of protected habitats and their species and promotion of appreciation of biodiversity and ecosystem services (DAHG, 2011). However, this plan has a lacks a legislative basis, with much of Irelands conservation action coming because of the EU Habitats Directive. In January 2015, an interim review by the National Biodiversity Working Group (2015) of the plan found that only 24 of the 102 actions are currently implemented (Figure 2). A further 67 are in the process of being implemented and the remainder have not yet been adequately dealt with (Figure 2). Figure 2. Qualitative assessment of progress on implementation of the Actions of The Biodiversity Plan 2011-2016 (NBWG, 2015). Biodiversity provides us with essential ecosystem services such as provisions (e.g. fresh water, wood), environmental regulation (e.g. pollination, pest control, climate regulation), supporting services (e.g. soil formation) and cultural services (e.g. recreation, tourism) (Bullock et al., 2008). These services encompass every part of our lives and are critical to maintaining our standards of living and our basic well-being. Despite this, the public perception of conservation is often negative; it is perceived as a hindrance to the development of property, infrastructure, industry and economic progress (OConnor, 2016). Citizen science is a wonderful way to get the Irish public interested in conservation (Donnelly et al., 2013). A total of 20 citizen science projects run in Ireland (Donnelly et al., 2013); most of which are led by BirdWatch Ireland (Donnelly et al., 2013). Education of the next generation is key to conserving Irelands biodiversity. The role of conservation in the Primary School Curriculum needs to be further emphasized. School children tend to express more concern towards exotic, flagship species over the biodiversity that lies just outside their door (Ballouard et al., 2011) and Ireland appears to be no exception. It is our younger generations that will dictate the future of our biodiversity and therefore it is essential that we promote a deep appreciation of nature from an early age. Word count (excl. in-text citations, figure legends, references): 594 References Ballouard, J.M., Brischoux, F., Bonnet, X. (2011) Children Prioritize Virtual Exotic Biodiversity over Local Biodiversity. PLOS ONE 6(8). Bullock, C., Kretch, C. Candon, E. (2008) The Economic and Social Aspects of Biodiversity: Benefits and Costs of Biodiversity in Ireland. In: Department of the Environment Heritage and Local Government (ed.). Dublin: Government of Ireland. Caffrey, J.M., Evers, S., Millane, M., Moran, H. (2011) Current status of Irelands newest invasive species the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea (Mueller, 1774). Aquatic Invasions 6(3): 291-299 Caffrey, J.M., Baars, J.R., Barbour, J.H., Boets, P., Boon, P., Davenport, K., Dick, J.T.A, Early, J. et al. (2014) Tackling invasive alien species in Europe: the top 20 issues. Management of Biological Invasions 5(1). DAHG (2011) Actions for Biodiversity 2011-2016. Irelands National Biodiversity Plan. Department of Arts Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Ireland. Donnelly, A., Crowe, O., Regan, E., Begley, S., Caffarra, A. (2013) The role of citizen science in monitoring biodiversity in Ireland. Int J Biometeorol 58(6). Hutton, S. A. Giller, P. S. (2003) The effects of the intensification of agriculture on northern temperate dung beetle communities. Journal of Applied Ecology 40(6). Kelly, J., Tosh, D., Dale, K., Jackson, A. (2013) The economic cost of invasive and non-native species in Ireland and Northern Ireland. Report prepared for the Northern Ireland Environment Agency and the National Parks and Wildlife Service as part of Invasive Species Ireland, pp. 86. NBWG (2015) Interim Review of the Implementation of the Actions for Biodiversity 2011-2016. Draft for Consultation. OConnor, à . (2016) Incorporating nature conservation objectives and measures into the Water Framework Directive. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 116B(3). OHanlon, R. (2012) Forestry in Ireland: the reforestation of a deforested country. Forestry Source 17 6(7). Rushton, S.P., Luff, M.L. Eyre, M.D. (1989) Effects of pasture improvement and management on the ground beetle and spider communities of upland grasslands. Journal of Applied Ecology 26(2).

Marcus Brutus as a Tragic Hero in Shakespeares Julius Caesar Essay

Marcus Brutus as a Tragic Hero in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar In the play Julius Caesar, the tragedy of the play was directed mainly at one specific character, Marcus Brutus. Brutus was the tragic hero of the play, because of his idealistic and pragmatic qualities. The mindset that Brutus possessed only allowed him to see the world and its people from one point of view. This point of view allowed him to make judgments that assumed only the best of people. This tragic weakness resulted in many errors throughout the play. The major incidences such as decisions made during the orchard soliloquy, the discussion with Cassius and the conspirators regarding decisions about Antony and the oath, his speech to the commoners after Caesar's assassination and finally the outward circumstance regarding Titinius and Cassius in act 5. Brutus was too idealistic and lived in fantasy world in which he made all his decisions simply by expecting that all were as honourable as himself. Brutus' idealism was displayed when he was reviewing his decision to kill Caesar while in his orchard. While evaluating his feelings towards Caesar, he stated, " I know little personal cause to spurn at him, But for the general". Brutus felt that Caesar had not done anything incorrect, but was afraid of what might occur. He compared Caesar to a snake, which has the ability to sting. Just as one might step on the snake and be stung, Caesar might defeat anyone who interfered with his course of action. Brutus thinks about what Caesar could become and do, if he was given the power of the crown. A very descriptive metaphor was used to illustrate Brutus' reasoning for killing: That lowliness is young ambition's ladder, Whereto the climber-upward turns his face... ...t. Shortly after, Brutus too realizes that he fighting a battle that can not be won. His honour forces himself to run upon his sword, rather than to be captured by Octavius. Brutus made errors because he was an idealist, who thought that all men, including Antony were honourable. Brutus was a tragic hero in this play, because he was too idealistic. He often fell into negative circumstances that were beyond his control. His decision making was often affected by this, because he made all his decisions by expecting that all were as honourable as himself. The tragedy can be well outlined by reviewing his orchard soliloquy, discussions made with the conspirators, the speech to the commoners and the outward circumstance in the conclusion of the play. Brutus died because of his idealism, and did so because others were not as honourable and trustworthy as he was.",,,,

The price elasticity of demand ad supply

IntroductionThe rule of snap aid to understand how the market works. Elasticity varies among merchandises because some productsA may be more indispensable to the consumer. Merchandises that are necessities are more insensitive to monetary value alterations because consumers would go on purchasing these merchandises despite monetary value additions Conversely, a monetary value addition of a good or service that is considered less of a necessity will discourage more consumers because the chance cost of purchasing the merchandise will go excessively high. Sometimes a concern demands to hold a good thought of what portion of a demand curve looks like if it is to do good determinations. Suppose you are the proprietor of Rick ‘s Pizza.You are sing raising the monetary values by 10 per centum, and you wonder how the consumers will respond and what will go on to the grosss? The reply depends on how consumers will react. Will they cut back purchases a small or a batch? ( Robert Schenk, 2007 ) . In my sentiment I think it ‘s really of import to find the monetary value snap of demand. It help us to understand the market more clearly and besides do more exactly and efficient pricing determinations in given clip of period.PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMANDPrice snap of demand measures the consequence of monetary value alterations onA measure demanded. Peoples will purchase more goods at a lower monetary values and purchase less goods at a higher monetary values. For illustration, people might purchase several braces or several bundles of socks on sale alternatively of merely a brace. A individual with a higher income is thought to hold higher monetary value snap, since he can afford to pass more. However, even a consumer with low monetary value snap is normally willing to pay higher monetary values if there is a high demand of goods. . ( Tricia Ellis-Christensen and O. Wallace, 2010 ) . Demand remains changeless in malice of high monetary values in the status of no replacement. It ‘s besides true for gasolene and H2O which have a few or no replacements. demand was therefore considered inelastic. Normally, competition in the market place keeps monetary values lower and more flexible. Generic equivalents of certain points have lowered the demand for trade name name points, therefore take downing their monetary value. . ( Tricia Ellis-Christensen and O. Wallace, 2010 ) .Elasticity of demand can be quantified and be illustrated in a expression:Elasticity of demand The more sensitive clients are to monetary value, the larger in the monetary value snap of demand. In other words, a larger monetary value snap of demand indicates a merchandise whose demand is more elastic. In the short term demand is normally more inelastic because it takes clip to happen options. The monetary value snap of demand will be used to cipher merchandising monetary value that maximizes the net incomes of the company. + Demand is elastic if a alteration in monetary value leads to a bigger % alteration in demand, the monetary value snap of demand will hence be greater than 1. The undermentioned features of goods which are elastic tend to hold They are luxury goods They are expensive and a large per centum of income.For illustration, athleticss autos and vacations Goods with many replacements and a really competitory market. For illustration if Simsbury ‘s put up the monetary value of its staff of life there are many options, so people would be really sensitive to the monetary value They are bought often + Demand is inelastic if a alteration in monetary value leads to a smaller % alteration in demand ; the monetary value snap of demand will hence be less than 1. Goods which are inelastic tend to hold some or all of the undermentioned characteristics: They have few or no close replacements, for illustration: gasoline, coffin nails. They are necessities They are habit-forming They cost a little per centum of income or are bought infrequently Demand is unitary elastic if a alteration in monetary value have no consequence to a alteration in demand ; the monetary value snap of demand will be 1. ( Tricia Ellis-Christensen and O. Wallace, 2010 ) . There are many factor act uponing the monetary value snap of demand: 1. Number of close replacements within the market: The more ( and nearer ) possible replacements available in the market the more elastic demand will be in response to a alteration in monetary value. In this instance, the permutation consequence will be rather strong. 2. Degree of luxuries or necessities: luxury goods and services tend to hold greater snap whereas necessities tend to be more inelastic. 3. Percentage of income spent on a good: merchandises necessitating a larger part of the consumer ‘s income tend to hold greater snap. 4. Habit organizing goods – Goods such as coffin nails and drugs tend to be inelastic in demand. They have habitually consumed and have a small consequence on the monetary value alterations. 5. Time period under consideration – Demand tends to be more elastic in the long tally because consumers have more clip to set their behaviour to the monetary value alterations ( 2007 ) .PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLYPrice snap of supply measures the consequence of monetary value alterations onA measure supplied. Peoples will offer more goods at a higher monetary values and offer more goods at a lower monetary values. The expression for the monetary value snap of supply is: Elasticity of supply = Percentage alteration in measure supplied / Percentage alteration in monetary value ( Mike Moffatt, 2009 ) . Factors that Affect Price Elasticity of Supply: + Spare production capacity If there is plentifulness of trim capacity so a concern should be able to increase its end product without a rise in costs and hence supply will be elastic in response to a alteration in demand. The supply of goods and services is frequently most elastic in a recession, when there is plentifulness of trim labor and capital resources available to step up end product as the economic system recovers. + Stocks of finished merchandises and constituents If stocks of natural stuffs and finished merchandises are at a high degree so a house is able to react to a alteration in demand rapidly by providing these stocks onto the market – supply will be elastic and frailty versa. + The easiness and cost of factor permutation If both capital and labour resources are occupationally nomadic so the snap of supply for a merchandise is higher than if capital and labor can non easy and rapidly be switched + Time period involved in the production procedure Supply is more monetary value elastic the longer the clip period that a house is allowed to set its production degrees ( 2007 ) .MARKETS AND ADJUSTMENT OVER TIMEPrice outlooks and guess:Look at two graphs above, we can see that monetary values ever change, they do non remain at the same. They can travel up or come down. Due to monetary values be given to alter in the hereafter, it will impact on the demand and supply now. For illustration, it is now, iPhone 3GS have merely look, you are believing of purchasing a new iPhone 3GS, you might to make up one's mind to wait until the monetary value of iPhone 3GS autumn somewhat when iPhone 4G is sold on the market. On the other manus, if the monetary value of iPhone 3GS come down in the short tally, you might good purchase it now because they fear that the monetary value will hold gone up by so. When people believe that the monetary value will travel up, it causes them to purchase now, in contrast, when people believe that the monetary valu e will come down, it causes them to wait. For marketer, if they are believing of selling their stocks, while monetary values are falling, they will desire to sell it every bit shortly as possible. On the other manus, if monetary values are lifting bit by bit, they will desire to maintain it every bit long as possible in order to acquire the best monetary value. Thus a belief that the monetary value will travel up or come down will do people to sell or wait. Guess is the behaviour of looking into monetary value in the hereafter and impacting purchasing and merchandising determinations based on their expectancies. Guess is applied in many markets such as the stock exchange, the foreign exchange market, the gold market and the lodging market, ECT. Harmonizing to John Sloman, guess can either support to cut down monetary value fluctuations or do them acquire worse: it can be stabilising or destabilizing.Stabilizing guess:When providers and demanders believe that a alteration in monetary value occurs merely in short tally, guess wil tend to hold a stabilising consequence on monetary value fluctuations. For case, an addition in demand is the ground why monetary value rise. In the graph above, demand has shifted from D1 to D2. Equilibrium has moved from point a to B, monetary value has increased from P1 to P2. Peoples believe that monetary value will lift merely in impermanent, before monetary value autumn once more, providers bring their goods to market now. Therefore displacements from S1 to S2. In contrast, demanders will wait until monetary value does fall once more. Demand displacements from D2 to D3. The equilibrium moves to indicate degree Celsius, and monetary value falling to P3. ( Sloman 2007, p69 )Destabilizing guess:When providers and demanders believe that a alteration in monetary value outlooks similar alterations to come, guess will be given to hold a destabilizing consequence on monetary value fluctuations. For illustration, an addition in demand is the ground why the monetary value does lift. In the graph, demand curve has moved from D1 to D2, monetary value has risen from P1 to P2. In this clip, monetary value have tend to lift, providers want to wait until the monetary value rise further. Therefore, supply moves from S1 to S2. In contrast with providers, demanders buy now before a rise in monetary value is higher. Demand move from D2 to D3 and monetary value rise to P3. ( Sloman 2007, p69 )Market WHERE PRICES ARE CONTROLLEDEquilibrium means a province carnival or a province of balance between market demand and supply. Without a alteration in demand and / or would supply no alteration in market value. In the diagram above, demand and supply at monetary value P1 is equal. At any monetary value above P1, supply exceeds demand and at a monetary value below P1, demand exceeded supply. In other words, the monetary value where supply and demand are out of balance points is called disequilib rium. ( Jacks, John,2007, p57 ) Changes in the conditions of demand or supply alterations on demand or supply curves. This will do alterations in the equilibrium monetary value and measure in the market Price floor is a legal lower limit on the monetary value at which a good can be sold. Price ceiling is a legal upper limit on the monetary value at which a good can be sold.Minimal Price ( Price floor ) :An uneffective monetary value floor, below equilibrium monetary value. A monetary value floor can be set above the free-market equilibrium monetary value. In the graph above, monetary value floor set below the free-market monetary value. In this instance, the floor has no practical consequence. The authorities has mandated a minimal monetary value, but the market already bears a higher monetary value. An effectual monetary value floor, doing a excess ( supply exceeds demand ) . Conversely, in the graph Monday, dashed green line represents a monetary value floor placed on the free market monetary value. In this instance, the floor monetary value is a mensurable impact on the market. It certain monetary values stay high for the merchandise can go on to be made. ( Jackson, John, 2007, p84 )Consequence on the marketA monetary value floor set above the equilibrium monetary value the market has some side effects. Consumers now find they must pay higher monetary values for the same merchandise. The consequence, they cut down their purchases or bead out of the market wholly. Meanwhile, sellers are certain to happen a new higher monetary value before they were charged. As a consequence, they increase production. Taken together, these effects mean there is now an extra supply ( known as a excess ) of the merchandise in the market. To keep the monetary value floor over the long term, the authorities may necessitate to take action to take it.Minimal payA historical and current illustration of the floor monetary value is the minimal pay jurisprudence, the jurisprudence specifies the lowest rewards a company can pay an employee ( employees are providers of labour and company as a consumer ) . When the lower limit pay is set higher than the equilibrium market monetary value for unskilled labour, unemployment is created because many people are looking for occupations than there are occupations available. A minimal pay above the equilibrium pay will do employers hired fewer workers every bit good as doing more people to come in the labour market, ensuing in a excess in the sum of labour available. Workers a pay equilibrium will depend on the employee ‘s accomplishments with market conditions. ( Robert 2006, p262 ) For illustration: This is common in agribusiness. Often the authorities wants to keep high monetary values of agricultural trade goods to maintain a big figure of husbandmans working. To restrict redundancy, nevertheless, authoritiess frequently must pay some husbandmans non to works harvests, which may be known as a subsidy cheque.Maximal Price ( Price ceiling ) :A monetary value ceiling set below the market monetary value of freedom is more effectual. Suppliers find they can non be responsible for what they were. As a consequence, some providers drop out of the market. This decreased supply. Meanwhile, consumers find they can now purchase merchandises for less, so demand additions. Two causes of action exceed the supply demand, which causes a deficiency of distribution-unless the consumer or other controls are enforced. It can besides take to other signifiers of non monetary value competition to provide can run into demand. ( Jackson, John, 2007, p83 ) Reduced Quality To provide demand in lawful rates, the most obvious attack is lower cost. However, in most instances, lower costs mean lower quality. During World War II, for illustration, the nutrient operation by cut downing the size of the ceiling and used cheaper stuffs ( e.g. , fat, flour, etc. ) . It can besides be seen in the care of decrease of rent-controlled flat Some bookmans, nevertheless, suspect that one set monetary value ceilings drive quality down in instance of a monopoly. They argue that with few viing companies lower the ceiling, a company ‘s low-end market must happen ways to accomplish better quality without increasing cost.Black MarketGoods purchased illicitly take one of two rates: They may be cheaper than the legal market. Suppliers do non hold to pay for production costs or revenue enhancements. This is normally the instance in the belowground economic system. Criminals to steal goods and sell them under the legal market monetary value, but no grosss, warrants, and so on. They may be more expensive than legal market monetary values. This merchandise is hard to obtain or bring forth, unsafe to manage or non easy available lawfully, if at all. If goods are illegal, such as certain drugs, their monetary values can be immensely higher production costs. Black markets can organize portion of the commercial boundary line near the boundary line of neighbouring legal powers surround control with small or negligible if there are different revenue enhancement rates, or in instances where goods are steps on one side of the boundary line but non on others. Merchandises like these are frequently smuggled, including intoxicant and baccy. However, all boundary line trade is non illegal. ( Jackson, John, 2007, p84 )CAUSE THE REAL ESTATE MARKET OF VIET NAMAs we know, each state ‘s population is increasing. In Viet Nam, the one-year population addition of about 1,1 million people. While land resources are limited. Therefore, the demand of existent estate market is increasing and people need to happen a comfy adjustment, modern substructure and peaceable life environment. This is chief ground to consequence of existent estate Market in Viet Nam. Typical is the cardinal issue of existent estate market in Ho Chi Minh metropolis and we are trav eling to happen out the grounds. Price Expectation and Destabilizing guess The grounds stated on the description of the existent estate should be investors expect the monetary value is ever increasing in the hereafter so they want to wait the best monetary value and best net income. This is the ground to do of the febrility in existent estate from 2007 to 2009.What cause â€Å" Fever †There are three basic cause taking febrility in existent estate market. First, Viet Nam ‘s population increased about 1,1 million people and income of about people to high accelerated and to do demand of house to increase. Second, at the stock market. Stock monetary value Index after day of the month of 6 August 2007 was 883,9 point and to lift well over 1,100 point on 3 October 2007 so investors has boosted gross revenues and many investing financess have been net income for over a month. Then they were intended to travel capital investing into existent estate market. Last of all, lodging policies for abroad Vietnamese and aliens were committed more unfastened and about of Bankss create were chance of borrows in existent estate for investing. ( vnEconomy 2007 ) As a consequence, there were strong guesss for investing or provider in existent estate since 2007. â€Å" The fact that, land and house in urban countries like The Manor and Phu My Hung are lifting â€Å" febrility † and â€Å" combustion in † . Owner or investors, who still need a great bought. The individual who populating The Manor said, types of flats from 106-206 M2, invitees were wanted. This type of apartment sale monetary value had increased by 50 % -60 % up from 1000 USD/m2 to 1,650 USD/m2 † ( VnEconomy 2007 ) With the fact merely mentioned, the existent estate is ever unstable and tends to travel up strong demand and provide support to each other. Covering with uncertainly and hazard Because about of Banks have easy loans in existent estate from 2007 to 2008. Therefore, it made the State Bank of Viet Nam has issued directives 10259/ NHNN- CSTT to limited rising prices on the existent estate market and recognition loaners and get downing execution since 2008 ( sbv.gov. neodymium ) Furthermore, entire capital investing Bankss in existent estate in 2009, was about 166,500 billion VND to about 9, 10 billion USD ( 18,279 VND exchange rate/ USD ) Ho Chi Minh metropolis has approximately 51 % the belongings outstanding and Ha Noi capital has approximately 15 % .That is the grounds the authorities made the determination to cover with uncertainness and hazard when the existent estate is in the febrility period ( Doanh nhan 360, 2009 ) In we view of existent estate market is immense net income and market chance for participle investors. So it has created a moving ridge of guess and monetary value outlook of speculator. Besides that, the factors of population growing. There are easiness for Bankss ‘ loan in existent estate market and lodging policy for abroad Vietnamese and aliens have formed a new market supply and demand monetary value in the belongings market in Viet Nam today.DecisionElasticity refers to the reaction or response of the consumers to alter in monetary values of goods and services. Elasticity of demand besides may depend on the comparative alteration in measure and monetary value. Buyers may be given to cut down their purchases as monetary value additions, and tend to increase their purchases when monetary value lessenings. The alteration in monetary value is non the lone factor that may alter the reaction of consumers. The nature of the merchandise ( similarity to what he uses ) and the pecu liar demands of the consumer ( whether of import or non ) may besides impact the alteration in the reaction or response of consumer. Demand may be elastic or inelastic. Demand is likely to be elastic when: privation is non pressing, close replacements are available, goods is lasting or repairable, goods has multiple utilizations. On the other manus, demand is likely to be inelastic when: privation is pressing, good replacements are unavailable, wanted jointly with some complementary point. ( Anna C. Bocar, 2008 ) The monetary value snap of supply reflects the jurisprudence of supply relation between monetary value and measure. An elastic supply means that the measure supplied is comparatively antiphonal to alterations in monetary value. An inelastic supply means that the measure supplied is non really antiphonal to alterations in monetary value. Harmonizing to the jurisprudence of supply, higher supply monetary values are related to larger measures supplied. As such, the numerator and denominator of this expression ever have the same marks — if one is positive, the other is besides positive. If the supply monetary value additions and the per centum alteration in monetary value is positive, so the measure supplied additions and the per centum alteration in measure supplied is besides positive. When calculated, the monetary value snap of supply, hence, is ever positive. There are four chief factors that influence the Foot: Spare production capacity, Stocks of finished merchandises and constituents, The easiness and cost of factor permutation, Time period involved in the production procedure. ( Pepijn van Eck, 2009 )

My Dad My Hero

My hero is my dad. He is always caring and is always helping my family in every which way he can. Another thing that makes him so good is that he always wants us to try new stuff. When we have sports stuff he will go out of work now and then and take us there and will watch us play. Lastly, he is a really good Dad, and I love him. One thing that he has taught me to do is how to trim a house. He would take every weekend so that I and he could go to the old house we used to live at.We would get snacks and or there all day. It is very hard to do and can also be very annoying to do at times. He is the master right now at it and I am basically his apprentice. Whenever my little brother needs help with something my dad will put aside everything to help him because he knows that my little brother needs it. He is also trying to make our family better and is making our family all together better. Another thing is that he knows a lot about computers and he always wants me to work on things tha t aren’t working yet.Also, he knows how to fix a lot of other things and is always trying to make all of us learn new things. My dad is as really good dad. In conclusion he encourages us to learn new stuff and loves us all. He will always look out for us no matter the circumstances. Also, he does not really hate anyone and he basically never yells or screams at anyone or anything. So by writing this essay, I have shown how much I love my dad and how good he is at being it. He is a good dad and always will be. The End. My Dad My Hero My hero is my dad. He is always caring and is always helping my family in every which way he can. Another thing that makes him so good is that he always wants us to try new stuff. When we have sports stuff he will go out of work now and then and take us there and will watch us play. Lastly, he is a really good Dad, and I love him. One thing that he has taught me to do is how to trim a house. He would take every weekend so that I and he could go to the old house we used to live at.We would get snacks and or there all day. It is very hard to do and can also be very annoying to do at times. He is the master right now at it and I am basically his apprentice. Whenever my little brother needs help with something my dad will put aside everything to help him because he knows that my little brother needs it. He is also trying to make our family better and is making our family all together better. Another thing is that he knows a lot about computers and he always wants me to work on things tha t aren’t working yet.Also, he knows how to fix a lot of other things and is always trying to make all of us learn new things. My dad is as really good dad. In conclusion he encourages us to learn new stuff and loves us all. He will always look out for us no matter the circumstances. Also, he does not really hate anyone and he basically never yells or screams at anyone or anything. So by writing this essay, I have shown how much I love my dad and how good he is at being it. He is a good dad and always will be. The End.

7 Bad Habits You Need to Get Rid of in 2017

7 Bad Habits You Need to Get Rid of in 2017 Often, New Year’s resolutions are about what you’re going to do. I will go to the gym. I will get my house organized. But just as important are the resolutions where you decide to stop doing something. It’s a way to edit your life. Here are seven strategies for turning 2017 into a year of â€Å"no.† (But in a positive way!)1. Say no to jealousy.Comparing yourself to others is a fast track to frustration. Sure, you may not have what others have or be as talented in some areas. And you know what? You might never be, and that’s A-OK. Find the skills and aspects of yourself that are unique- or at the very least, ones that work for you. Focus on building those up so that you shine in your best areas. Forget everyone else†¦ they’re probably just trying to keep up with others as well, and who has time for that kind of endless loop?2. Say no to self-doubt.If you find yourself holding back from speaking up in a meeting because you’re worri ed about how it will be received or what  others will think of you, push past it and speak up. Your perspective is valid. And your ideas could lead to greater things for you or your company. Self-doubt keeps progress from happening.3. Say no to being a lone wolf.If we didn’t need others to be successful, every company would be one person big. You’re part of a team because all of the members’ roles and skills complement each other on the way to getting things done. Ask for help when you need it, and make an effort to bond with your colleagues.4. Say no to inertia.â€Å"Later, I’ll do it later.† â€Å"The time isn’t right.† â€Å"There’s too much going on.† Do any of those sound familiar? The timing will likely never be perfect to start that project or implement your idea. So stop waiting around, and take steps to get started. Even if they’re tiny ones, the first steps can be the hardest- so once you’ve got ten those out of the way, it’ll be that much easier to keep moving.5. Say no to oversharing.Do you post everything you eat on Instagram? Let the world know the status of your date while you’re still on it? Social media creates an environment that encourages us to share our minutiae with the world, but should we? This year, make an effort to hold some things back, and start being more choosy about what you put out there. A little mystery never hurt, right? If your coworker really needs to know what you binged on Netflix last weekend, she can ask.6. Just say no.If you find yourself saying yes to everything because you feel obligated, it’s time to take a choosier approach. Your cousin’s friend’s roommate will be able to find someone else to help him move. Your colleague shouldn’t be depending on you to cover for her every day while she sneaks out for a smoothie. It’s okay to be selective about what you agree to do. Having the power to sa y no empowers you to set and keep your own priorities, instead of letting everyone else set them for you.And finally†¦7. Say no to standing in your own way.It’s easy to confuse fear and hesitance with instincts. When you feel yourself resisting something in your head, ask why. If you can’t come up with a valid reason why you’re avoiding it or otherwise not moving forward, then say no to that little voice and move forward. You are your own resistance, and you are the only one who can get around that.Try the Year of No, and see what happens. This is not an excuse to say no to everything (you’re gonna have to suck it up and do some things you don’t want to do; sorry and welcome to life!), but rather to say no to the things holding you back. You might be amazed at how many yeses you start to get once you start saying no more often!

How Reporters Get Quotes for Their News Stories

How Reporters Get Quotes for Their News Stories So you’ve done a long interview with a source, you have pages of notes, and you’re ready to write. But chances are you’ll only be able to fit a few quotes from that lengthy interview into your article. Which ones should you use? Reporters often talk about using only â€Å"good† quotes for their stories, but what does this mean? What Is a Good Quote? Broadly speaking, a good quote is when someone says something interesting, and says it in an interesting way. Look at the following two examples: â€Å"We will use U.S. military force in an appropriate and decisive manner.† â€Å"When I take action, I’m not going to fire a $2 million missile at a $10 empty tent and hit a camel in the butt. It’s going to be decisive.† Which is the better quote? Let’s consider this by asking a broader question: What should a good quote do? Grab the Reader’s Attention Using our two examples, it’s clear the first quote is dry and academic-sounding. It sounds like a sentence taken from a particularly dull research paper or dissertation. The second quote, on the other hand, is colorful and even funny. Evoke Images A good quote, like good writing, evokes images in the reader’s mind. Using our two examples, it’s clear the first quote evokes nothing. But the second quote evokes a bizarre image that’s bound to stick in the reader’s brain – a camel being hit in the posterior with an expensive, high-tech missile. Convey a Sense of the Speaker’s Personality Our first quote leaves no impression of who the speaker might be. Indeed, it sounds more like a scripted line from an anonymous Pentagon press release. The second quote, however, gives the reader a feel for the personality of the speaker – in this case, President George Bush. The reader gets a sense of both Bush’s determination and his penchant for off-the-cuff humor. Convey Regional Differences in Speech Looking again at our first quote, can you discern where the speaker was raised? Of course not. But one could argue that Bush’s quote, with its salty humor and coarse imagery, contains some of the colors of his Texas upbringing. A reporter I worked with once covered a tornado in the Deep South. He interviewed victims of the twister and in his story contained a quote that included the phrase, â€Å"I tell you what.† That’s a phrase you’re only likely to hear in the South, and by putting it in his story, the reporter gave readers a feel for the region and the people affected by the storm. A good reporter could do the same thing in any area with distinctive patterns of speech, from the South Bronx to the upper Midwest to East Los Angeles. Given everything we’ve discussed, it seems clear the second of our two examples is by far the better quote. So what makes a bad quote? Unclear Speech Anytime someone says something in an unclear or unintelligible fashion, chances are you’re not going to use that as a quote. In such cases, if the information contained in the quote is important to your story, paraphrase it – put it into your own words. In fact, reporters often must paraphrase much of what they gather in interviews because many people simply don’t speak very clearly. People don’t craft their speech the way a writer crafts a sentence. Basic Factual Data If you’re interviewing a source who’s giving you reams of data, such as numbers or statistics, that kind of information should be paraphrased. There’s simply no point in quoting, for instance, the CEO who tells you his company’s revenues increased 3 percent in the second quarter, 5 percent in the third quarter and so on. It may be important for your story, but it’s boring as a quote. Profane or Offensive Speech Most mainstream news organizations have policies banning or limiting the use of vulgar or offensive speech in news stories. So, for example, if a source you’re interviewing starts swearing profusely, or uttering racial slurs, you’re probably not going to be able to quote them. An exception to that rule might be if the profane or offensive speech serves some larger purpose in your story. For instance, if you’re profiling your town’s mayor, and he has a reputation for salty language, you might use part of a profane quote in your story to show that, indeed, the man likes to cuss.

10 Interesting Facts About DNA

10 Interesting Facts About DNA DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid codes for your genetic make-up. There are lots of facts about DNA, but here are 10 that are particularly interesting, important, or fun. Key Takeaways: DNA Facts DNA is the acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid.DNA and RNA are the two types of nucleic acids the code for genetic information.DNA is a double-helix molecule built from four nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). Even though it codes for all the information that makes up an organism, DNA is built using only four building blocks, the nucleotides adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine.Every human being shares 99% of their DNA with every other human.If you put all the DNA molecules in your body end to end, the DNA would reach from the Earth to the Sun and back over 600 times (100 trillion times six feet divided by 92 million miles).A parent and child share 99.5% of the same DNA.You have 98% of your DNA in common with a chimpanzee.If you could type 60 words per minute, eight hours a day, it would take approximately 50 years to type the human genome.DNA is a fragile molecule. About a thousand times a day, something happens to it to cause errors. This could include errors during transcription, damage from ultraviolet light, or any of a host of other activities. There are many repair mechanisms, but some damage isnt repaired. This means you carry mutations! Some of the mutations cause no harm, a fe w are helpful, while others can cause diseases, such as cancer. A new technology called CRISPR could allow us to edit genomes, which might lead us to the cure of such mutations as cancer,  Alzheimers  and, theoretically, any disease with a genetic component. Scientists at Cambridge University believe humans have DNA in common with the mud worm and that it is the closest invertebrate genetic relative to us. In other words, you have more in common, genetically speaking, with a mud worm than you do with a spider or octopus or cockroach.Humans and cabbage share about 40-50% common DNA.Friedrich Miescher discovered DNA in 1869, although scientists did not understand DNA was the genetic material in cells until 1943. Prior to that time, it was widely believed that proteins stored genetic information.

Criminal Justice Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Criminal Justice Management - Research Paper Example There are disturbing issues of police’s inefficiency and brutality: how could these areas of the police system be transformed? What are the ethical considerations the police must follow so as to create a dynamic environment for their operations? How can the police improve their service delivery through the formulation and implementation of good policies? It is important that all the issues raised above must be strictly considered before the police could successfully carry out their duties as a criminal justice organization. However, there are different organizational models in practice; which one would be the most applicable for the police system? And how would the criminal justice system react to the implementation of a possibly new management process? This paper critically looks at the significant points outlined in the foregoing with a view to finding the appropriate management system that would make the police become a viable arm of the general criminal justice system. The contemporary management processes in the police are evident in the three major procedures used by this criminal justice organization. Traditional techniques of supervision, leadership and management are still much in place at most police organizations worldwide. These three elements of police management have been instrumental to the current level of success in policing as the prevalence of crime has been drastically reduced in recent years (Iannone and Iannone, 2000). (i) Supervision of the police officers: Undertaking supervisory actions on the activities of the police personnel has been deemed an active procedure to keep the police force on its feet and ensure efficient performance of the police officers (Iannone and Iannone, 2000). The purposes of maintaining constant supervision of the police personnel include but not limited to (i) making sure that they are persistently reminded of their duties as security operatives, protecting the lives of people in the society; (ii)

Uncle Tom's Cabin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Uncle Tom's Cabin - Essay Example The novel depicts the harsh reality of slavery while also showing that Christian love and faith can overcome even something as evil as enslavement of fellow human beings. The character Uncle Tom-African American maintains his integrity and refuses to betray his fellow slaves at the cost of his life. His firm Christian principles in the face of brutality made him a hero to whites. To the contrast his tormentor; Simon legree, the Northern slave-dealer turned plantation owner, enraged them with his cruelty. The enactment of emancipation proclamation in January 1863 capped two years of increasing support for emancipation in New York City. Although republicans attempted to keep abolitionist from taking a leading role in New York’s anti-slavery politics, by 1862 abolitionist speakers drew huge crowds, black and white in the city. Increasing support for the abolitionist, and emancipation led to anxiety among New York’s pro-slavery white supporters of the Democratic Party, particularly the Irish. From the time of Lincoln’s election in 1860, the Democratic Party had warned the New York’s Irish and Germany residents to prepare for the emancipation of slaves and the resultant labor competition when Southern Black would supposedly flee

Domestic Violence Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Domestic Violence - Article Example The rate of suffering physical abuse in case of the children staying with the parents in an abusive relationship is quite common. They may get harmed while witnessing the spousal abuse closely and at some places some physical abuses get inflicted on them as well. At places, children are used as a barterer instrumental in getting control or manipulating the victim of the domestic abuse. In this case, the conflict between the parents also evolves a kind of mental trauma in the children and they are shattered out of disruption in gaining their love from parents. Also separation from their parents cause a serious mental trauma to them and in their adolescence they might get involved in myriad anti-social activities or may get addicted as well to escape the harsh realities of life. The sign of any means of thrashing can be effective in determining the symbol of abuse in the children. Also some bizarre or violent activity at the social plane is also indicative of the domestic abuse inflicted on children. Locating this kind of symptoms in children requires immediate attention and they should be taken to the family counselling centres or women and child development centres and with the help of the counsellors over there, the case should be reported to the police as well. Athlete: As a kid, initially I was a good student. It started when I was six years old. Suddenly my father became alcoholic and all sorts of problems started during that phase. I could never sleep at night. I completely lost control on my mind and was losing it out every day. Athlete: It was not very easy to get out of it. As a child I was helpless. Some abnormalities were located by my class teacher and she reported it to the concerned authority. I was send to hostel soon after. Athlete: Yes. This is the worst side of the domestic violence. My parents decided to get

"An exploration of genes, inheritance and gene therapy for Essay

"An exploration of genes, inheritance and gene therapy for diabetes" - Essay Example Besides, if one’s exposure to the microorganism is delayed due to the better standards of the living, which hinders the development of the immune system causing to make the person vulnerable to this disease. Gene therapy is the method by which one foreign gene into any cell is introduced into the body of the patient in order to produce insulin. The introduced gene could be the insulin gene itself, but it must be controlled by specific tissue promoter which is encoded as a factor in order to activate the insulin gene (Kelly, 2007). Cell transplantation is more successful treatment for diabetes as compared to the method of using insulin injections. The transplantation of organs, tissues or cells between animal species usually provides a number of beta cells, which is known as xenotransplantation. The most suitable donor of organs or cells is the pig but the major problem in using the pig’s organs for transplantation is that it is difficult to obtain in the tissue culture and the islets of the adult pig because of their poor survival. One more serious problem in xenotransplantation is an infection, which occurs because of the endogenous porcine retroviruses, which has a potentiality to infect human cell in vitro and vivo (Allman, 2008). Expansion of the primary beta cells and beta cell precursors can also be helpful in gene therapy. Beta cells are normally present in small bodies deep rooted in the pancreas known as islets. Beta cells do not have enough capacity for replication. There are a number of gene transduction methods in practice in the world in order to treat different disease including diabetes. These include viral and non-viral methods (LeRoith et al., 2004). Non-viral methods such as calcium phosphate co-precipitation are a very simple and an affordable method for genetically modifying pancreatic cells. When calcium

Activist Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Activist Letter - Essay Example This moisture brings about the cooling effect on the earth surface. In brief, these mean that chop the trees off and raise the global temperatures. If the global temperature increases then there will be a percentage increase of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Trees regulate the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels by utilizing it during photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide level has consequently accumulated to alarming levels due to tree falling. Large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere deplete the ozone layer (Prout, Tanya and Daniel 172). The harmful ultraviolet sun rays, therefore, reach the ground thus causing skin cancer. Trees are known to provide a cheap source of energy. Charcoal and firewood is mostly used by people in most part of the world to provide energy. Industries and local homes benefit from this as coal, and petroleum products seem to be expensive compared to tree products. Once one tree is brought down, it should be a must for it to be replaced by planting another tree. Failure to do that, it will result in the decline in biodiversity or it may cause an extinction of many species. Even those using trees as sources of energy will find it hard if trees are cut and not replaced. Down of microbial community are exposed and killed by the adverse weather caused by cutting down of trees, hence bacteria’s helps in recycling nutrients that might pollute water and render it unclean for drinking In conclusion, if the biodiversity of this earth is to be maintained then let the trees are protected and conserved. It is as if every living thing on earth depends on trees for clean air, water and as energy sources just to name a

The Impeachment Process in American Politics Essay

The Impeachment Process in American Politics - Essay Example The essay "The Impeachment Process in American Politics" discusses the position of the President of the United States of America. Though with all the extensive powers of this position the President can single-handedly wage war on terrorism with the military without Congressional oversight, only if we were living before 1973. The President is accountable only to his country, in his political character and to his conscience. However, even if the present Constitution makes the president commander-in-chief of the US armed forces, the president’s authority to deploy forces on his own initiative is regulated by Congress under Article I, Section 8, which reserves to Congress the power to declare war, and under provisions of the War Powers Resolution of 1973. This resolution was the result of many instances when the President had totally gone too far in using this so-called inherent power. Today, the system of Checks and balances is applied by the American government which is guarante ed by the constitution; whereby branch of the government has some measure of influence over the other branches and may choose to block procedures of other branches, like the Congress for instance. Checks and balances prevent anyone branch from accumulating too much power – like the executive branch where the President belongs - and encourage cooperation between branches – like the executive branch and the legislative branch (where Congress belongs) - as well as engage in a comprehensive debate on controversial policy issues.

Activist Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Activist Letter - Essay Example This moisture brings about the cooling effect on the earth surface. In brief, these mean that chop the trees off and raise the global temperatures. If the global temperature increases then there will be a percentage increase of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Trees regulate the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels by utilizing it during photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide level has consequently accumulated to alarming levels due to tree falling. Large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere deplete the ozone layer (Prout, Tanya and Daniel 172). The harmful ultraviolet sun rays, therefore, reach the ground thus causing skin cancer. Trees are known to provide a cheap source of energy. Charcoal and firewood is mostly used by people in most part of the world to provide energy. Industries and local homes benefit from this as coal, and petroleum products seem to be expensive compared to tree products. Once one tree is brought down, it should be a must for it to be replaced by planting another tree. Failure to do that, it will result in the decline in biodiversity or it may cause an extinction of many species. Even those using trees as sources of energy will find it hard if trees are cut and not replaced. Down of microbial community are exposed and killed by the adverse weather caused by cutting down of trees, hence bacteria’s helps in recycling nutrients that might pollute water and render it unclean for drinking In conclusion, if the biodiversity of this earth is to be maintained then let the trees are protected and conserved. It is as if every living thing on earth depends on trees for clean air, water and as energy sources just to name a

Literary Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literary Analysis - Essay Example The story is set in an unspecified island and the significance of the dog training center to the story is minimal except that a puppy is brought into the picture in the later conversations. The inn itself is a studio cum home for the owner, an artist influenced by the French master Matisse’s work. This influence is conveyed subtly through the interior dà ©cor that reminds one of a woman’s womb and other symbols of female organs. The connection between the interior dà ©cor of the studio and the dog training center as seen from inside the inn is as enigmatic as the relationship between a man and a woman, as can be seen shortly. â€Å"Origin of the world† (para.10) is how the artistic shape given to the copper wire covering to the naked bulb on the table lamp described by the female companion of the couple. There was no discussion preceding this statement except that they were looking at the lamp from all angles trying to unravel the mystery of its shape. Again the statement, â€Å"Old enough† (para.13) is full of mischievous meaning that recurs at the end of the story (para.28) to inform the readers of casual encounters between strangers and travelers. â€Å"Beware.† (para.20) is the direct but still enigmatic reference to the growing interest between the inn owner and the male traveler. Sign boards, interior dà ©cor, dogs that attack are the symbols that are enigmatically used to create awareness of the risks of casual physical relationships. Just as careless approach to the dog center can expose one to serious risks, so does a casual physical relationship. Both are to be approached with caution and precaution. The influence of the beautiful female form either on artists or others is universal but comes with associated risks, says the author. Ann DeWitt scripts a beautiful and powerful story full of enigma, symbolism and pithy sentences to drive home the

Building Nsanje Port on Shire Zambezi Waterway

Building Nsanje Port on Shire Zambezi Waterway Project Description Malawi is a landlocked country that relies on Mozambican ports on the Indian Ocean for transportation of imported and exported goods. The project will open new doors for Malawi and reduce transport costs. Currently Malawi uses Beira and Nacala port in Mozambique from which transporters cover a return distance of about 1700km from Blantyre. Using Nsanje port, transporters now will cover a distance of 238 km for a return journey to Blantyre as opposed to Beira port. Reduction in transport costs may lead to reduction of other goods such as agricultural inputs. This will be a benefit to the Malawians who depend on agriculture for their economy and it will also improve food security in the country. The project will also provide Malawi with a multimodal transport linkage to other land locked countries of Zimbabwe and Zambia; the people of Nsanje district will be empowered socially and economically due to new infrastructure and markets that will be established to support the services of the port; the visual scenery of Nsanje district will improve with the building of the port; creation of temporary and permanent jobs; time saving and reduction on wear and tear of vehicles due to reduced travel distance. Though the project will have positive effects but will also have negative impacts such as loss of fishing area and income for fishermen who used to fish along the shire river; air and water pollution due to construction work that will take place on the site; the project will affect the water species found along this area of the Shire river; empowerment of people socially and economically may increase the spreading of HIV and AIDS as this districts already has high percentage of HIV patients due to cultural beliefs; urbanization due to viable environment for small scale and large scale businesses; natural visual scenery will be affected by new built structures, risk to flooding along the Shire river; conflicts with hosting communities and negative influences on religion and local culture. Location The project will be located at Nsanje District in Malawi. Malawi is located between latitudes of 09ËÅ ¡ and 17ËÅ ¡ south and longitudes of 33ËÅ ¡ and 37ËÅ ¡ east. Malawi is bordered by Zambia in the East, Tanzania in the North and Mozambique in the South and West. Nsanje District Assembly is found at the tip of Southern Malawi where Malawi shares borders with Mozambique. It is at this place that the shire river passes along the boundary between Malawi and Mozambique flowing into Zambezi river and then to Indian Ocean through Chinned Port. The site was selected because of the wider width of the river as it connects to Zambezi River offering a better place for the port. Location map is shown in relation to the Shire River and location for the proposed port. Malawi Map showing location of Nsanje, Imagery showing location of the port, Shire River and Nacala corridor from Mozambique. MALAWIS EIA LEGISLATURE In Malawi the Environmental Act enacted in 1996, provides the legal framework for the protection and management of the environment, the conservation and sustainable utilization of natural resources. EIA processes are outlined on section 24 of the Act to which all private and public developers must adhere to. The Act has outlined projects for which EIA is mandatory before implementation of the project as gazetted in section 24. The section also stipulates all activities that must be carried out by the developer before any implementation. The developer has to submit a project brief to the Environmental Affairs Department (EAD) who administers the environmental Act. The Director assesses the project and is supported by expertise from the technical committee of environmental affairs (TEC) which participate in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) requirements; project briefs reviews; Terms of Reference (ToRs) and EIA reports; develop and monitor project auditing programme and recomme nded course of action to the Director though the director is not bound by the TEC report. The act also stipulates that only the EAD is mandated to issue out certificate under section 26(3) for which an EAI is required. For thorough evaluation of project activities that might have significant impact on the environment by the port developer, the EIA is supported by various Malawi government Acts and policies as indicated in table 1 and other international legislatures as attached on appendix I. Malawi legal documents 4.2 EIA Process The EAI process is carried out in phases in a project cycle in which EIA requirements are integrated within the cycle (EMA, 1996). The project cycle is carried out in phases and begins with a concept then pre-feasibility and feasibility studies before a detailed design and implementation phase. The objective of the cycle it to provide detailed and up-to-date environmental information at key stages in the cycle. This helps the developer to identify early results from an EIA and able to take action on any significant changes and adopt them during project implementation. The project cycle also provides opportunity to the developer, consultant, relevant authorities, interested parties and the general public to assess the impacts of the project on the environment and provide alternatives on adverse effects. The project cycle focuses on identification of negative impacts, reasonable alternatives and assessing the relevant issues so as to ensure that the EIA becomes a useful to decision mak ers. All the activities in the project cycle are done through screening and scoping. 4.1 Screening Screening allows a project to be assessed whether an EIA is required or not and establishes the basis for scoping (Theodorsdouttir, 1999). In Malawi, screening is done through a project brief which is a document that highlights critical issues prepared by the developer and in this case the Malawi Government and is submitted to the Director of Environmental Affairs Department and who is supported by TEC to assess whether it requires EIA or not. Building of an inland port is among the projects that EIA is mandatory in Malawi therefore an EIA is to be carried out (EMA, 1996). 4.2 Scoping Scooping ensures that all relevant issues to be addressed in an EIA are established and makes sure that all relevant authorities, interested and affected parties are involved, alternatives to the project are identified and to make sure that the resources are conserved and used wisely. In Malawi, comprehensive identification of the significant impacts are based on the Terms of Reference (ToRs) which are prepared by the developer and approved by the director (EMA, 1996). ToRs are identified in the scooping process. The figure I below outlines all the EIA process in Malawi. 4.3 ASSESSMENT METHOD There are various methods of assessing environmental project impacts such as checklist, network diagrams, graphical comparisons overlays and matrices (FAO, 1995) In this assessment matrices as shown in figure 2 have been used to come up with the most significant impacts as matrices easily identify impacts in a summary form and provides better bases for evaluating most significant ones Leopold et al. (1971). 4.4 Environmental Plan Impacts identified in the matrices are further assessed by Stakeholders, EAD, TEC, general public and the developer to evaluate the impacts and also identify mitigation measures. In the environmental plan potential project impacts are identified in regard to project phases as indicated in Appendix II The most significant impact Water Pollution The most significant environmental impact on this project is water pollution. Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies through pollutants which are discharged directly into water bodies without adequate measures to remove harmful compounds. Water pollution may take place due to effluents derived from soil erosion, accidental spills, waste oil, fertilizers and detergents, heavy metal and pesticides, heat and micro-organisms (JICA/GOK, 1992). 5.1 Significant Impacts Drinking Water: Water is considered safe if it can be used by human beings and other living creatures without any effect (UNEP, 1999). Polluted water is not safe for drinking for the communities living along the river and can easily wipe away a large population of human beings and animals as the birds shown in figure3. Odour: Sediments in the water under the structures may cause water stagnation and after sometime the water may produce odours that may be nuisance to the people working around the area Impact on irrigation: Water polluted with chemicals and oil spills may affect irrigated crops. Recreation: Polluted water will not be good for swimming or recreation as it may affect the people in contact with polluted water. To reduce water pollution, there is need to provide mitigation and monitoring measures as shown in table III below. Significant impact Project Activity Possible Mitigation measures Prediction and Monitoring measures Water pollution Landfills and site development Careful site selection and layout design is important to reduce stagnation. Dredging should be carried out to remove any deposits and sediments in the water Enhance the water law Act to punish offenders who deliberately pollute water Construction of break waters, bays and terminals Make a fence around the construction area Quarterly meetings during the construction phase should be held to monitor the negative environmental impacts. TEC and EAD to monitor the activities Dredging and disposal of dredged materials Proper disposal of dredged material plays an important role in preserving the environment.   Monitor sediment deposits and use Secchi disk to check depth and visibility (United Nations, 1992). Waste Management Encourage recycling and devise proper means of disposing both solid and liquid waste District Assembly to monitor all dumping sites and advise residents accordingly. Transportation of construction materials Proper handling of raw materials is required i.e. Cover cement and sprinkle water frequently on dusty roads Monitor handling of the raw materials. Vessel traffic operations Appropriate regulations should be put in place to cater for ship discharge, emissions and oil from cargo, ship spills and disposal of waste Use of Microwave remote sensing satellites and receivers aboard ship vessels to monitor ship movements, oil spills and grease and ship leakage in the river (Woodhouse, 2006). Use predictions models to monitor water quality such as Artificial Intelligence models, Artificial Neural Network models and Mathematical assimilations (Najah et al., 2009) Cargo handling and storage Special equipment should be provided for handling cargo and transportation of goods and   Provision should be made for periodical clean-up of floats and wastes   Developer to monitor that cargo handling equipment is regularly serviced Waterfront and cargo operations Provide regulations on effluent from waterfront industries and monitoring of water quality TEC to monitor all activities probably by employing a full time environmental specialist. Transportation of goods All roads leading to the port must have bitumen to avoid dust which may pollute the water.   Stakeholders to monitor where they there expertise is required. 5.2 Acts that govern the legislature for water are; Environmental Management Act 1996 which stipulates the conservation and sustainability of utilization of natural resources and water is one of the natural resources. Water Resources Act 1969 The act governs the control conservation, apportionment and use of water resources in Malawi. Water Works Act The act makes an offence if any person willfully and negligently causes water pollution. 5.3 Baseline data Baseline data is the collection of relevant information proposed in the project with the purpose of determining the status and trends of environmental factors (e.g., water pollutant concentrations). This offers opportunities to predict changes in terms of importance and provide for means of detecting actual changes once the project is initiated. Baseline data plays an important role in EIA assessment and monitoring of environmental effects (Wathern, 1988). Alpha (1995) recommends the following data to be collected for checking water pollution: Dissolved Oxygen Water conductivity Water salinity Turbidity Temperature PH Use of questionnaire to get more information from the communities around the district Assembly on the activities that take place along the river Measurements on sediments. Maps showing river catchments area 5.3.1 Parameters for checking water quality UNEP prescribes measurement of various parameters for assessing, water quality and these include:- Temperature recommended is between 25 and 35 Suspended solids it is recommended is 30mg/l Biochemical oxygen Demand (5-day at 20 C) Clean water is between 4mg/l to 10 and more than 10 is considered polluted Heavy metal concentration should not exceed 0.1mg/l in combination Lead (PB) less than 0.1mg/l Mercury (Hg) less than 0.005 mg/l Silver (Ag) , Zinc(Zn), Chromium (Cr), Arsenic (As) less than 0.05 mg/l Nickel (nI) less than 0.3 mg/l Copper (Cu), Cyanides (CN), Hydrogen Sulphide (S) less than 1.0mg/l Free Ammonia (NH 3 ) less than 0.2mg/l Phenolic Compounds (Phenol) 0.001 mg/l Nitrates (N) 10mg/l Phosphates Floating materials oils foam and greases. Bhardwaj, 2005, suggest water quality criteria as shown in the table below: 5.4 GAPS Measurement of water quality can only be undertaken by people with special expertise and with special equipment which cannot be used by a local person and the water measuring instruments are not up-to-date and not enough to cover all water bodies in the country (UNEP, 1999). Conclusion This project has a significant impact on water which is critical to water species and human beings therefore mitigation measures have to be followed to reduce water pollution in the Shire river which its impacts may have an effect over a long distance and all the way to the Indian ocean and affect so many people and all water habitats.

Womens Studies Essays -- Analysis, Evelyn Nakano Glenn

Evelyn Nakano Glenn, Professor of Gender and Women’s Studies and of Ethnic Studies at Berkeley, University of California serves as Founding Director of the University’s Center for Race and Gender (Glenn 2). It is a leading American center in the study of intersectionality amongst genders, class social groups, institutions and race. Her scholarly work includes focus on the dynamics of gender, race and the prevailing processes of inequality and exclusion in class structures in the social setting. Her earlier work included the documentation of neglected women employed in the domestic services sector, due to their skin color (race) and that of women holding clerical posts. This led her into historical research on the issue of gender structure and race in the structural makeup of the local labor markets and hitherto consequences of the American labor market on the positions of the workers. This included the forms of resistance/ self-preservation available to them. She has al so engaged in the comparative analysis of gender and race in the construction of citizenship and labor across the United States of America. Her upbringing greatly influenced her critical thinking and perspective of the world, due to her racial background and the situation of the time. In the aftermath of the Pearl Harbor tragedy, her parents were among thousands of other Japanese Americans imprisoned in American internment camps. The war pitted the Axis powers against the Allied forces, with the latter eventually emerging the victors. This shaped the political and philosophical thoughts of the time with Liberalism emerging as the dominant theory of the time. Others that were to subsequently emerge were in one way or the other linked to this thought with some aspec... ... same character traits. Proper and sequential legislation addressing these issues should be passed based on them either as a grouping or in their individual aspects. This is to ensure better understanding, appreciation and acknowledgement of every human being that composes the global community. In conclusion, Evelyn Nakano Glenn’s scholarly work includes focus on the dynamics of gender, race and the prevailing processes of inequality and exclusion in class structures in the social setting. She considers Liberalism, as a political thought, entails the plurality of actors in the international political arena and Republicanism as an Ideology that is embraced by the citizenry of a republic. This has been exemplified by the widely held ideal of the American â€Å"worker citizen† as being the twin attributes of ‘whiteness/ blackness and ‘masculinity/feminism.

Relation between Pearl and Nature in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet

The Relation between Pearl and Nature in The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Nathaniel Hawthorne's work, The Scarlet Letter, nature plays a very symbolic role. Throughout the book, nature is incorporated into the story line. One example of this is with the character of Pearl. Pearl is very different than all the other characters due to her special relationship with Nature. Hawthorne personifies Nature as sympathetic towards sins against the puritan way of life. Hester's sin causes Nature to accept Pearl. First it is necessary to examine how nature is identified with sin against the Puritan way of life. The first example of this is found in the first chapter regarding the rosebush at the prison door. This rosebush is located "on one side of the portal, and rooted almost at the threshold"(36) of the prison. The prison naturally is the place where people that have sinned against the puritan way of life remain. Then Hawthorne suggests that the roses of the rose-bush "might be imagined to offer their fragrance and fragile beauty to the prisoner as he went in, and to the condemned criminal as he came forth to his doom, in token that the deep heart of Nature could pity and be kind to him"(36). This clearly states that Nature is kind to prisoners and criminals that pass through the prison doors. Hawthorne strengthens this point by suggesting two possible reasons for the rosebush's genesis. The first is that "it had merely survived out of the stern old wilderness..."(36), while the second rea son is that "there is fair authority for believing [the rose-bush] had sprung up under the footsteps of the sainted Ann Hutchinson..."(36). By Hawthorne's wording it appears as if he is emphasizing the second reason because he suggests there is "fai... ... little girl's banishment from Puritan society she was thrown to another way of life and her wildness and peculiarity is a direct product of her banishment. Works Cited and Consulted: Aym, Richard. Nature in The Scarlet Letter. Classic Notes http://www.gradesaver.com/classicnotes/titles/thescarletletter/fullsumm.html. February 15, 2002. Brown, Bryan D. "Reexamining Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter. http://www.usinternet.com/users/bdbournellonie.htm. March 1, 2002. Clendenning, John. "Nathaniel Hawthorne." The World Book Encyclopedia. 2000 ed. Griswold, Rufus Wilmot. "The Scarlet Letter." The Library of Literary Criticism of English and American Authors. Ed. Charles Wells Moulton. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Peter Smith Publishing, 1989. 341-371. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc., 1996.    Relation between Pearl and Nature in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet The Relation between Pearl and Nature in The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Nathaniel Hawthorne's work, The Scarlet Letter, nature plays a very symbolic role. Throughout the book, nature is incorporated into the story line. One example of this is with the character of Pearl. Pearl is very different than all the other characters due to her special relationship with Nature. Hawthorne personifies Nature as sympathetic towards sins against the puritan way of life. Hester's sin causes Nature to accept Pearl. First it is necessary to examine how nature is identified with sin against the Puritan way of life. The first example of this is found in the first chapter regarding the rosebush at the prison door. This rosebush is located "on one side of the portal, and rooted almost at the threshold"(36) of the prison. The prison naturally is the place where people that have sinned against the puritan way of life remain. Then Hawthorne suggests that the roses of the rose-bush "might be imagined to offer their fragrance and fragile beauty to the prisoner as he went in, and to the condemned criminal as he came forth to his doom, in token that the deep heart of Nature could pity and be kind to him"(36). This clearly states that Nature is kind to prisoners and criminals that pass through the prison doors. Hawthorne strengthens this point by suggesting two possible reasons for the rosebush's genesis. The first is that "it had merely survived out of the stern old wilderness..."(36), while the second rea son is that "there is fair authority for believing [the rose-bush] had sprung up under the footsteps of the sainted Ann Hutchinson..."(36). By Hawthorne's wording it appears as if he is emphasizing the second reason because he suggests there is "fai... ... little girl's banishment from Puritan society she was thrown to another way of life and her wildness and peculiarity is a direct product of her banishment. Works Cited and Consulted: Aym, Richard. Nature in The Scarlet Letter. Classic Notes http://www.gradesaver.com/classicnotes/titles/thescarletletter/fullsumm.html. February 15, 2002. Brown, Bryan D. "Reexamining Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter. http://www.usinternet.com/users/bdbournellonie.htm. March 1, 2002. Clendenning, John. "Nathaniel Hawthorne." The World Book Encyclopedia. 2000 ed. Griswold, Rufus Wilmot. "The Scarlet Letter." The Library of Literary Criticism of English and American Authors. Ed. Charles Wells Moulton. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Peter Smith Publishing, 1989. 341-371. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc., 1996.   

Deception Point Page 31

More laughter this time. â€Å"And,† she said, glancing down at the bottom of the screen, â€Å"I had certainly not imagined I would be sitting at the President's desk†¦ much less on it!† This brought a hearty laugh and some broad smiles. Rachel felt her muscles starting to relax. Just give it to them straight. â€Å"Here's the situation.† Rachel's voice now sounded like her own. Easy and clear. â€Å"President Herney has been absent from the media spotlight this past week not because of his lack of interest in his campaign, but rather because he has been engrossed in another matter. One he felt was far more important.† Rachel paused, her eyes making contact now with her audience. â€Å"There has been a scientific discovery made in a location called the Milne Ice Shelf in the high Arctic. The President will be informing the world about it in a press conference tonight at eight o'clock. The find was made by a group of hardworking Americans who have endured a string of tough luck lately and deserve a break. I'm talking about NASA. You can be proud to know that your President, with apparent clairvoyant confidence, has made a point of standing beside NASA lately through thick and thin. Now, it appears his loyalty is going to be rewarded.† It was not until that very instant that Rachel realized how historically momentous this was. A tightness rose in her throat, and she fought it off, plowing onward. â€Å"As an intelligence officer who specializes in the analysis and verification of data, I am one of several people the President has called upon to examine the NASA data. I have examined it personally as well as conferring with several specialists-both government and civilian-men and women whose credentials are beyond reproach and whose stature is beyond political influence. It is my professional opinion that the data I am about to present to you is factual in its origins and unbiased in its presentation. Moreover, it is my personal opinion that the President, in good faith to his office and the American people, has shown admirable care and restraint in delaying an announcement I know he would have loved to have made last week.† Rachel watched the crowd before her exchanging puzzled looks. They all returned their gaze to her, and she knew she had their undivided attention. â€Å"Ladies and gentlemen, you are about to hear what I'm sure you will agree is one of the most exciting pieces of information ever revealed in this office.† 35 The aerial view currently being transmitted to the Delta Force by the microbot circling inside the habisphere looked like something that would win an avant-garde film contest-the dim lighting, the glistening extraction hole, and the well-dressed Asian lying on the ice, his camel-hair coat splayed around him like enormous wings. He was obviously trying to extract a water sample. â€Å"We've got to stop him,† said Delta-Three. Delta-One agreed. The Milne Ice Shelf held secrets his team was authorized to protect with force. â€Å"How do we stop him?† Delta-Two challenged, still gripping the joystick. â€Å"These microbots are not equipped.† Delta-One scowled. The microbot currently hovering inside the habisphere was a recon model, stripped down for longer flight. It was about as lethal as a housefly. â€Å"We should call the controller,† Delta-Three stated. Delta-One stared intently at the image of the solitary Wailee Ming, perched precariously on the rim of the extraction pit. Nobody was anywhere near him-and ice cold water had a way of muffling one's ability to scream. â€Å"Give me the controls.† â€Å"What are you doing?† the soldier on the joystick demanded. â€Å"What we were trained to do,† Delta-One snapped, taking over. â€Å"Improvise.† 36 Wailee Ming lay on his stomach beside the extraction hole, his right arm extended over the rim trying to extract a water sample. His eyes were definitely not playing tricks on him; his face, now only a yard or so from the water, could see everything perfectly. This is incredible! Straining harder, Ming maneuvered the beaker in his fingers, trying to reach down to the surface of the water. All he needed was another few inches. Unable to extend his arm any farther, Ming repositioned himself closer to the hole. He pressed the toes of his boots against the ice and firmly replanted his left hand on the rim. Again, he extended his right arm as far as he could. Almost. He shifted a little closer. Yes! The edge of the beaker broke the surface of the water. As the liquid flowed into the container, Ming stared in disbelief. Then, without warning, something utterly inexplicable occurred. Out of the darkness, like a bullet from a gun, flew a tiny speck of metal. Ming only saw it for a fraction of a second before it smashed into his right eye. The human instinct to protect one's eyes was so innately ingrained, that despite Ming's brain telling him that any sudden movements risked his balance, he recoiled. It was a jolting reaction more out of surprise than pain. Ming's left hand, closest to his face, shot up reflexively to protect the assaulted eyeball. Even as his hand was in motion, Ming knew he had made a mistake. With all of his weight leaning forward, and his only means of support suddenly gone, Wailee Ming teetered. He recovered too late. Dropping the beaker and trying to grab on to the slick ice to stop his fall, he slipped-plummeting forward into the darkened hole. The fall was only four feet, and yet as Ming hit the icy water head first he felt like his face had hit pavement at fifty miles an hour. The liquid that engulfed his face was so cold it felt like burning acid. It brought an instantaneous spike of panic. Upside down and in the darkness, Ming was momentarily disoriented, not knowing which way to turn toward the surface. His heavy camel-hair coat kept the icy blast from his body-but only for a second or two. Finally righting himself, Ming came sputtering up for air, just as the water found its way to his back and chest, engulfing his body in a lung-crushing vise of cold. â€Å"Hee†¦ lp,† he gasped, but Ming could barely pull in enough air to let out a whimper. He felt like the wind had been knocked out of him. â€Å"Heee†¦ lp!† His cries were inaudible even to himself. Ming clambered toward the side of the extraction pit and tried to pull himself out. The wall before him was vertical ice. Nothing to grab. Underwater, his boots kicked the side of the wall, searching for a foothold. Nothing. He strained upward, reaching for the rim. It was only a foot out of reach. Ming's muscles were already having trouble responding. He kicked his legs harder, trying to propel himself high enough up the wall to grab the rim. His body felt like lead, and his lungs seemed to have shrunk to nothing, as if they were being crushed by a python. His water-laden coat was getting heavier by the second, pulling him downward. Ming tried to pull it off his body, but the heavy fabric stuck. â€Å"Help†¦ me!† The fear came on in torrents now. Drowning, Ming had once read, was the most horrific death imaginable. He had never dreamed he would find himself on the verge of experiencing it. His muscles refused to cooperate with his mind, and already he was fighting just to keep his head above water. His soggy clothing pulled him downward as his numb fingers scratched the sides of the pit. His screams were only in his mind now. And then it happened. Ming went under. The sheer terror of being conscious of his own impending death was something he never imagined he would experience. And yet here he was†¦ sinking slowly down the sheer ice wall of a two-hundred-foot-deep hole in the ice. Multitudes of thoughts flashed before his eyes. Moments from his childhood. His career. He wondered if anyone would find him down here. Or would he simply sink to the bottom and freeze there†¦ entombed in the glacier for all time.

Case study of CVS

According to the filed work results made by PSI team, we know that approximately one in four scripts experienced a problem at some point in fulfillment process. As we all know, the fulfillment process is critical for the transfer of the customer’s need into reality. An inefficient process would lead to a poor pharmacy service which would depress the recent customer. It’s certainly true that a better fulfillment process could prevent 60%-90% of the customer defection that were due to service.We know come up with solutions to deal with the problems now exist in the CVS fulfillment process. Improvement would never happen until changes are made. On the one hand, CVS should design a more efficient flow chat to reduce the inherent risks and inefficiency during the process. A proper flow chat should start with the analysis of the existing process situation in CVS and find out the bottle neck in the process. On the other hand, from the case, we know that a number of problems co uld occur in the part of Data entry.For example, customers pay the prescription and soon leaving the pharmacy, but the prescription may appear without drugs or the payment will not covered by their insurance. When they come back to pick drugs, they would be give nothing but dissatisfied. If things go on like this, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty will inevitably be effected . In order to reduce the defections in this part, changes should be made . CVS Pharmacy should build a comprehensive information system. The IT system should have enough function to support the operation.The doctor can upload the prescription after diagnosing, then the tech of pharmacy can check the prescription online and finish the remaining work. For the problem of no refill allowed, the IT system which contains prescription guidance by selecting the personal information of the patient in history. For the problem of DUR Hard Stop, IT at CVS should cut down the time for drug review. Since the possibil ity of different drug to drug interaction have the different time, IT system should have the ability to recognized the maximum time for major drug interaction which would absolutely improve the efficiency.Also the customers can login the system to check whether their prescription has been completed to decide when they go to take the drugs. After the above improvement, the most likely part to have problems is the situation at the pickup window at peak period. When customers came after work to pick up the prescriptions, most locations found it difficult to staff this time period simply because pharmacy employees did not want to work then. To address this problem, we feel that we can create some self-dispensary machines, just like ATM, so that the customers can take their prescriptions on the machine by themselves.Because of the establishment of the IT system, there will not be wooden boxes in use. If the system design is too complex, people will feel it is more efficient to use the or iginal method. The results may cause the failure of the changes. In order to prevent backsliding, the system must be easy to use so that both customers and staffs can use it conveniently. Pharmacy Service Initiative can greatly promote the customers’ pickup speed, save time, improve efficiency. Nothing could be better than that to be more attractive to consumers.Faster pickup-rate than other pharmacies can let CVS win more customers, increase customer loyalty, and attract new customers patronizing. Now most people complain about taking drugs,which is not only wasting long time to queue but also having complicated steps. If we can solve this problem, it will be a milepost of pharmaceutical service industry. This is a great opportunity for CVS companies to increase their market share, to defeat the competitor, and to become a leader in pharmacy.The economic benefits it brings to CVS is self-evident. Has the absolute authority is an absolute superiority on the pharmaceutical ind ustry, after that it will be hard to endanger the status and influence of CVS. In addition to economic benefits, the reform also brings many benefits to the internal stability of company. Not only reducing the customers’ complaints and churn rate, but also greatly improving the employee’s satisfaction and reducing turnover rate. These make CVS having more stable and rapid development.

Economic Growth and Economic Development Original Essay

In contemporary times, certain economic registers are used frequently. Arguably two of these most used terms in economics, ‘economic growth’ and ‘economic development’ are terms that just about everyone is at least remotely familiar with, even if they have not studied economics at all. Sometimes it seems everyone knows what economic growth and economic development is. Politicians use these terms all the time, and so do teachers, managers and even preachers. Often, people’s use of these terms may not be quite accurate, but one has to admit that most of the time they are never too far from the mark. Insights into the aforementioned terms ‘economic growth’ and ‘economic development’ are given as follows†¦ Economic Growth Economic Growth is an increase in a country’s real level of national output which can be caused by an increase in the quality of resources by education etc, increase in the quantity of resources & improvements in technology. Economic Growth can also be described as an increase in a country’s productive capacity, as measured by comparing gross national product (GNP) in a year with the GNP in the previous year. In other words, Economic Growth is an increase in the real level of output as measured by the annual percentage in real GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Increase in the capital stock, advances in technology, and improvement in the quality and level of literacy are considered to be the principal causes of economic growth. In recent years, the idea of sustainable development has brought in additional factors such as environmentally sound processes that must be taken into account in growing an economy. Measurement of Economic Growth Economists usually measure economic growth in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) or related indicators, such as gross national product (GNP) or gross national income (GNI) which is derived from the GDP calculation. GDP is calculated from a country’s national accounts which report annual data on incomes, expenditure and investment for each sector of the economy. Using these data it is possible to estimate the total income earned in the country in any given year (GDP) or the total income earned by a country’s citizens (GNP or GNI). GNP is derived by adjusting GDP to include repatriated income that was earned abroad, and exclude expatriated income that was earned domestically by foreigners. In countries where inflows and outflows of this sort are significant, GNP may be a more appropriate indicator of a nation’s income than GDP. There are three different ways of measuring GDP †¢the income approach †¢the output approach †¢the expenditure approach The income approach, as the name suggests measures people’s incomes, the output approach measures the value of the goods and services used to generate these incomes, and the expenditure approach measures the expenditure on goods and services. In theory, each of these approaches should lead to the same result, so if the output of the economy increases, incomes and expenditures should increase by the same amount. How to boost Economic Growth in a country In order for a country to experience economic growth, certain things have to be done. In my own opinion, I believe that; As more people are employed, the amount of capital increases, education levels increase, the quality of capital changes, or the technology increases, the productive capacity of the economy increases. Therefore, the economy can increase its output giving consumers more disposable income, promoting an increase in consumption spending, and providing resources for business to use for further investment and government to use to provide public goods and services. Increased labor force participation increases output. Expanded, improved education creates more productive workers. Business and government spending on research and development enhance our abilities to produce and allow each worker to become more productive, increasing incomes for all. Finally, to achieve a higher level of GDP in the future, consumers need to limit consumption spending and increase savings today, permitting businesses to invest more in capital goods. If resources are invested into building an economy now, future generations will enjoy a higher level of economic growth; our businesses will produce more goods and consumers can purchase more goods. Expansion of output at rates faster than our population growth is what gives us the opportunity to enjoy higher standards of living. Economic development Economic development is a normative concept meaning that the definition is variable however; the definition given by Michael Todaro is ‘’an increase in living standards, improvement in self-esteem needs and freedom from oppression as well as a greater choice.’’ Economic development can be defined as the advancement of a nation or society according to several economic factors. Economic development generally includes such trends as technological innovation, improvements in the standard of living and life expectancy, and increases in the amount of invested assets per capita At the core of the definition is the point that economic development is not just about dollars and cents but is about community well-being and creating communities that people want to live in. It is a constant challenge for small communities to hold onto their young people. There must be jobs and facilities that the next generation expects as a standard. Providing infrastructure on one hand and building social capital on the other will lead to community sustainability and resilience which eventually boils down to ‘’economic development’’ In a few words one can say that the scope of economic development includes the process and policies by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people. Measurement of Economic Development There are several criteria or principles to measure the economic development. Let us make a detailed study of these measurements for better understanding. 1. National Income: Some economists have taken increase in the real national income as the indicator of economic development because per-capita income depends upon the national income. National Income is related with the final goods and services produced in a country. According to this method the state of continuous increase in national income can be taken as economic development. This is majorly applicable to the poor and middle class countries. Short-run increase in national income cannot be taken as economic development. Likewise increase in the national income as a result of increase in price of goods and services cannot be defined as economic development. 2. Per Capita Income: Increase in per-capita income has been pointed out by some economists as a basis for measuring economic development; According to the classification given by the United Nations Organization in 1989, countries having per capita income less than 580 US dollars fall in the class of poor countries, countries having per capita income between 580 US dollars and 6,000 US dollars are in the middle class, and countries having per capita income more than 6,000 US dollars are in the class of rich countries. According to World Development Report 2009, per capita income of Nepal is 340 US dollars. Such indicator makes the comparative study of different countries easy. On the basis of per capita income the economic growth rate of any country can be found out. The increase in per capita income of any country shows the increase in economic growth rate of the country The UNO experts in their report on ‘Measures of Economic Development of Underdeveloped Countries’ have also accepted this measurement of development. 3. Economic Welfare Index: Economists like Colin Clark Kindleberger, D. Bright Singh, and Hersick etc. have suggested economic welfare as the measure of economic development. The term economic welfare can be understood in two ways: (a) When there is equal distribution of national income among all the sections of the society. It raises economic welfare. (b) When the purchasing power of money goes up, even then there is an increase in the level of economic welfare. The purchasing power of money can go up when with the increase in national income there is also increase in the prices of goods. That means economic welfare can increase if price stability is ensured. Thus economic welfare can boost with equal distribution of income and price stability. Higher the level of economic welfare, higher will be the extent of economic development and vice-versa. 4. Measurement through Occupational Pattern: The distribution of working population in different occupations is also regarded as criteria for the measurement of economic development. According to Colin Clark there is deep relation between the occupational structure and economic development. He has divided the occupational structure in three sectors (a) Primary Sector: It includes agriculture, fisheries, forestry, mining etc. (b) Secondary Sector: It consists of manufacturing, trade, construction etc. (c) Tertiary Sector: It includes services, banking, transport, etc. In underdeveloped countries, majority of the working population is engaged in primary sector. On the contrary, in developed countries the majority of the working population works in tertiary sector. When a country makes economic progress, its working population begins to shift from primary sector to secondary and tertiary sectors. 5. Human Development Index (HDI): The modern economists were not satisfied with GNP, per capita or national income as the principal measures of economic progress. According to them, the issue is not only how much growth but what kind of growth and as a result, they formulated the Human Development Index (HDI). This indicator was for the first time developed by United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in the year 1990.There were a number of measures which were included in this index, However, to keep the HDI simple and manageable, the following main variables were included in it (a) Life expectancy was chosen as a measure of long life (b) Literacy as an index of knowledge and (c) Real GDP per person which represents Income for decent living. 6. Physical quality of life index (PQLI): This is non-income indicator of economic development because this uses physical quality of life as the indicator. This method of measuring economic development is based on the following three things. They are:– (a) Life expectancy (b) Infant mortality (c) Literacy. Countries having low life expectancy, low literacy rate and high infant mortality will have low index. If in any country PQLI is increasing then it indicates the increase in the physical quality of the life of people. Increase in per-capita income does not necessarily indicate the increase in the facilities like healthy food, health, situation, education, etc. Therefore PQLI method is taken to be better indicator than per-capita income method. In addition to these various indicators the following facts are also taken as the indicators of economic development. (a) Equality improvement.(b) Poverty alleviation(c) Quality of life (d) Capital formation(e) Fulfillment of basic needs.(f) Population growth rare (g) Increase in employment opportunities (h) Decrease in dependence on agriculture (i) Increase in entrepreneurship (j) Utilization of natural resources (k) Increase in export of finished goods. (l) Trade diversification (m) Extension of infrastructures DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT In general words, economic development refers to the problems of underdeveloped countries and economic growth to those of developed countries. The raising of income levels is generally called economic growth in rich countries and in poor ones it is called economic development. But this view does not specify the underlying forces which raise the income levels in the two types of economies. The problems of underdeveloped countries are concerned with the development of unused resources, even though their uses are well known, while those of advanced countries are related to growth, most of their resources being already known and developed to a considerable extent. In fact, the terms â€Å"development and growth† have nothing to do with the type of economy. The distinction between the two relates to the nature and causes of change. These two terms may also be explained as the development is a discontinues and spontaneous change in the stationary state which forever alters and displaces the equilibrium state previously existing; while growth is a gradual and steady change in the long run which comes about by a gradual increase in the rate of savings and population. This view has been widely accepted and elaborated by the majority of economists. Economic Growth does not take into account the depletion of natural resources which might lead to pollution, congestion & disease. Development however is concerned with sustainability which means meeting the needs of the present without compromising future needs. These environmental effects are becoming more of a problem for Governments now that the pressure has increased on them due to Global warming. According to another school of thought, â€Å"economic growth means more output, while economic development employs both more output and changes in the technical and institutional arrangements by which it is produced and distributed. Growth may well involve not only more output derived from greater amounts of inputs but also greater efficiency, either, and increase in output per unit of input. Development goes beyond this two employ changes in the composition of output and in the allocation of inputs by sectors†. According to some classical economists the growth is an expansion of the system in one or more dimensions without a change in its structure, and development is an innovative process leading the structural transformation of social system. Thus economic growth is related to a quantitative sustained increase in the country’s per capita output or income accompanied by expansion in its labor force, consumption, capital, and volume of trade. On the other hand, economic development is a wider term. It is related to qualitative change in economic wants, goods, incentives, and institutions. It describes the underlying determinants of growth such as technological and structural change. Development embraces both growth and decline. An economy can grow but it may not develop because poverty, unemployment and inequalities may continue to persist due to the absence of technological and structural changes. But it is difficult to imagine development without economic growth in the absence of an increase in output per capita, particularly when population is growing rapidly. Despite these apparent differences, some economists use these terms as synonyms.